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nine tripod cauldrons
The Nine Tripod Cauldrons (Chinese: , ''Jǐu Dǐng'') were ancient Chinese ritual cauldrons. They were ascribed to the foundation of the Xia ( ) by Yu the Great, using tribute metal presented by the governors of the Nine Provinces of ancient China.
At the time of the Shang Dynasty during the 2nd millennium , the tripod cauldrons came to symbolize the power and authority of the ruling dynasty with strict regulations imposed as to their use. Members of the scholarly gentry (士, ''shì'') class were permitted to use one or three cauldrons; the ministers of state (大夫, ''dàifu'') five; the vassal lords (诸侯/諸侯, ''zhū hóu'') seven; and only the sovereign Son of Heaven was entitled to use nine.〔''Gongyang Zhuan's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals'' - 天子九鼎，诸侯七卿大夫五，元士三/天子九鼎，諸侯七，卿大夫五，元士三。〕 The use of the nine tripod cauldrons to offer ritual sacrifices to the ancestors from heaven and earth was a major ceremonial occasion so that by natural progression the ding came to symbolize national political power〔''Strategies of the Warring States'', Scroll 1 - Eastern Zhou ''The Qin State Dispatched Troops to the Borders of Zhou to Demand the Nine Tripod Cauldrons'' (秦兴师临周求九鼎/秦興師臨周求九鼎).〕 and later to be regarded as a National Treasure. Sources state that two years after the fall of the Zhou Dynasty at the hands of what would become the Qin Dynasty the nine tripod cauldrons were taken from the Zhou royal palace and moved westward to the Qin capital at Xianyang.〔''Records of the Grand Historian'' - Scroll 28〕〔''Lunheng'' - Scroll 26〕 However, by the time Qin Shi Huang had eliminated the other six Warring States to become the first emperor of China in 221 , the whereabouts of the nine tripod cauldrons were unknown. Sima Qian records in his Records of the Grand Historian that they were lost in the Si River (泗水) near Pencheng (彭城) to where Qin Shi Huang later dispatched a thousand men to search for the cauldrons but to no avail.〔''Records of the Grand Historian'' - Scroll 6 of Qin Shi Huang〕
==Origin==
The Records of the Grand Historian recount that once Yu the Great had finished taming the floods that once engulfed the land, he divided the territory into the Nine Provinces and collected bronze in tribute from each one. Thereafter he cast the metal into nine large tripod cauldrons.〔''Records of the Grand Historian'' - Scroll 28 "黃帝作寶鼎三，象天地人。禹收九牧之金，鑄九鼎"〕 Legend says that each ding weighed around 30,000 catties equivalent to 7.5 tons. However, the ''Zuo Zhuan'' or ''Commentary of Zuo''， states that the nine tripod cauldrons were cast by Yu the Great's son, Qi of Xia, the second Xia Emperor, and it was he who received the tributes of bronze from the Nine Provinces.〔''Zuo Zhuan'', Third year of Duke Xuan〕〔''Records of the Grand Historian'' Chu Family Records (楚世家)〕 The ''Xia Shu'' (夏書) section of the ''Shangshu'' (尚书) or Book of Documents contains the ''Yu Gong'' or "Tribute of Yu" that describes the rivers and mountains of the Nine Provinces.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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